En 1968, Fernand Deligny fonde un r\u00e9seau de prise en charge d\u2019enfants autistes dans les C\u00e9vennes, \u00e0 Monoblet. Quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard (1975-1976), il consacre trois num\u00e9ros de la revue Recherches, fond\u00e9e par F\u00e9lix Guattari, \u00e0 cette exp\u00e9rience qu\u2019il m\u00e8ne en marge des institutions \u00e9ducatives et psychiatriques. Deligny n\u2019est pas psychiatre. Il parle d\u2019ailleurs plus volontiers d\u2019enfants mutiques qu\u2019autistes. \u00c0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 la prise en charge de l\u2019autisme infantile est encore mal assur\u00e9e, il propose un milieu de vie organis\u00e9 en aires de s\u00e9jour dans lesquelles les enfants vivent le coutumier aupr\u00e8s d\u2019adultes non dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s (ouvriers, paysans, \u00e9tudiants). \u00c0 ces \u00e9ducateurs qui n\u2019en sont pas \u2013 il les appelle les pr\u00e9sences proches-, il propose de transcrire les d\u00e9placements et les gestes des enfants. Dans chacune des aires de s\u00e9jour – situ\u00e9es \u00e0 une quinzaine de kilom\u00e8tres les unes des autres \u2013 et durant dix ans, au jour le jour (le soir ou le lendemain, parfois plusieurs jours apr\u00e8s), les adultes tracent des cartes sur lesquelles ils reportent leurs propres trajets puis, sur des calques, les lignes d\u2019erre des enfants. \u00ab Pour rien, pour voir, pour n\u2019avoir pas \u00e0 en parler, des enfants – l\u00e0, pour \u00e9luder nom et pr\u00e9nom, d\u00e9jouer les artifices du IL d\u00e8s que l\u2019autre est parl\u00e9. \u00bb Ces cartes ne servent ni \u00e0 comprendre ni \u00e0 interpr\u00e9ter des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypies ; mais \u00e0 \u00ab voir \u00bb ce qu\u2019on ne voit pas \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153il nu, les co\u00efncidences ou chev\u00eatres (lignes d\u2019erre qui se recoupent en un point pr\u00e9cis, signalant qu\u2019un rep\u00e8re ou du commun se sont instaur\u00e9s), les am\u00e9liorations \u00e0 apporter \u00e0 l\u2019am\u00e9nagement de l\u2019espace, le r\u00f4le des objets d\u2019usage dans les initiatives des enfants, leur degr\u00e9 de participation \u00e0 telle t\u00e2che coutumi\u00e8re au fil des jours, l\u2019effet sur eux du geste pour rien d\u2019un adulte (un signe, un rep\u00e8re suppl\u00e9mentaire), etc.<\/p>\n
Le livre rassemble pr\u00e8s de deux cents cartes retrouv\u00e9es dans les archives en 2010 par Gis\u00e8le Durand et Jacques Lin, compagnons de route de Deligny. Il se compose de onze chapitres ou sections, ordonn\u00e9s chronologiquement et par aires de s\u00e9jour. D\u2019un lieu \u00e0 l\u2019autre, les mains qui tracent ne sont pas les m\u00eames : le \u00ab style \u00bb de Jacques Lin et Gis\u00e8le Durand n\u2019est pas celui de Marie-Dominique Vasseur, Thierry Bazzana ou Nicole Guy. Les modes de transcription changent \u00e9galement : avec le temps, le vocabulaire graphique s\u2019enrichit, devient tr\u00e8s ou trop abstrait (\u00e0 l\u2019image du haut degr\u00e9 sp\u00e9culatif de la recherche de Deligny), puis revient \u00e0 un tracer plus simple et plus lisible. Ce sont pourtant les m\u00eames principes qui inspirent les auteurs de ces cartes : se d\u00e9prendre d\u2019eux m\u00eames dans une forme d\u2019\u00e9criture, et enregistrer les traces de l\u2019humain de nature que Deligny voit persister l\u00e0 o\u00f9 le langage se retire.<\/p>\n
La superposition des calques fait appara\u00eetre un territoire centrip\u00e8te, \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur duquel les enfants circulent en tous sens, attir\u00e9s par des pr\u00e9sences, des gestes ou des objets, des foyers de vie. De la trame des trajets et des lignes d\u2019erre se d\u00e9gagent des points constants o\u00f9 les enfants reviennent se poster, des lieuxchev\u00eatres o\u00f9 se conjuguent la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019un adulte et une t\u00e2che en train de s\u2019accomplir. Des objets \u00e9maillent le territoire : objets pour rien, que les enfants transportent \u00e0 travers l\u2019espace ou mettent en mouvement ; objets quotidiens d\u00e9sali\u00e9n\u00e9s de leur fonction d\u2019usage ; objets qui servent de purs rep\u00e8res, au m\u00eame titre que les personnes. L\u2019aire de s\u00e9jour se pr\u00e9sente donc comme un appareil \u00e0 rep\u00e9rer, un espace coh\u00e9rent et rythm\u00e9. Le principe de l\u2019\u00ab objet bloc \u00bb permet \u00e0 la fois de feuilleter, de \u00ab battre les cartes \u00bb (la formule est de Deligny) et de lire en vis-\u00e0-vis, plus haut, la description correspondante. Ces descriptions minutieuses, r\u00e9dig\u00e9es \u00e0 partir d\u2019entretiens avec les auteurs des cartes, ont une vis\u00e9e explicite, voire pol\u00e9mique : elles entendent montrer concr\u00e8tement ce que furent les lignes d\u2019erre, insister sur ce qui fut une pratique, fond\u00e9e dans une approche sp\u00e9culative du langage et de l\u2019humain certes, mais mise en \u0153uvre dans le contexte d\u2019une organisation mat\u00e9rielle extr\u00eamement pr\u00e9cise. Mani\u00e8re de dissuader les approches d\u2019embl\u00e9e th\u00e9oriques qui ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 fleurir, en particulier dans le sillage de la pens\u00e9e du rhizome de Gilles Deleuze et F\u00e9lix Guattari.<\/p>\n
La red\u00e9couverte de ces cartes relance moins la question de l\u2019autisme que celle de l\u2019invention institutionnelle d\u2019un espace commun (voir \u00e0 ce sujet l\u2019essai de Bertrand Ogilvie), d\u2019un terrain d\u2019\u00e9change (voire de jeu) par-del\u00e0 les r\u00e8gles sociales et les cat\u00e9gories du normal et du pathologique. L\u2019\u00e9tranget\u00e9 radicale de ces enfants l\u00e0, qui \u00ab habitent le monde sans l\u2019habiter […], ne font pas pacte avec notre monde \u00bb, a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 ces objets au statut ind\u00e9finissable, qui assur\u00e8rent pendant dix ans la liaison entre des territoires tout en gestes et en circulations muettes, et les sp\u00e9culations de Deligny, entre un monde hors langage et sa tentative d\u2019\u00e9lucidation dans le travail sans fin de l\u2019\u00e9criture.<\/p>\n
Cartes de\/Maps by Jacques Lin, Gis\u00e8le Durand, Marie-Dominique Vasseur, Thierry Bazzana,\u00a0Jean Lin, Dominique Lin, Marie-Rose Aubert\u2026<\/p>\n
Descriptions r\u00e9dig\u00e9es par\/Descriptions written by \u00a0Sandra Alvarez de Toledo d\u2019apr\u00e8s des entretiens avec les auteurs des cartes.<\/p>\n
Postface de\/Afterword by Bertrand Ogilvie.<\/p>\n
In 1968, Fernand Deligny created a network to care for autistic children at Monoblet in the C\u00e9vennes. A few years later (1975-1976), he dedicated three issues of the journal Recherches, which had been created by F\u00e9lix Guattari, to describe this experiment, which he conducted at the margins of educational and psychiatric institutions. Deligny was not a psychiatrist. In fact, he preferred to call the children mute rather than autistic. At a time when the treatment of infantile autism remained under-developed, he offered a milieu de vie (a living environment) organized into aires de s\u00e9jour (living areas) where the children lived the coutumier(the customary) in the presence of non-professional adults who included workers, farmers, and students. He invited these educators\/non-educators, whom he calledpr\u00e9sences proches (close presences) to transcribe the children\u2019s movements and gestures. In each aire de s\u00e9jour\u2013which were approximately fifteen kilometers apart\u2014and for ten years, day after day (in the evenings or the following day, sometimes several days later), the adults traced maps on which they marked their own journeys and then, on tracing paper, the children\u2019s lignes d\u2019erre (wander lines): \u201cFor nothing, for seeing, so as not to have to talk about them, those children\u2014there, to elude first and last names, to thwart the artifices of the \u2018HE\u2019 as soon as the Other is spoken.\u201d These maps did not help to understand or interpret stereotypies, but to \u201csee\u201d what could not be seen with the naked eye, the coincidences or chev\u00eatres(lignes d\u2019erre that intersected at a precise point, indicating that markers, and a commons, had developed), the improvements needed to the arrangement of the space, the role of usual objects in the children\u2019s initiatives, their degree of participation in each customary task as the days passed, the effect of an adult\u2019sgeste pour rien (a gesture \u201cfor nothing\u201d\u2014a sign or an additional marker, for example) on them.<\/p>\n
The book assembles nearly two hundred maps that Gis\u00e8le Durand and Jacques Lin, Deligny\u2019s fellow travelers, found in the archives in 2010. It comprises eleven chapters or sections, organized chronologically and by aires de s\u00e9jour. From one place to another, different hands did the tracing: Jacques Lin\u2019s and Gis\u00e8le Durand\u2019s styles are not the same as those of Marie-Dominique Vasseur, Thierry Bazzana, or Nicole Guy. The modes of transcription also change: over time, the graphic vocabulary becomes richer and highly\u2014at times perhaps too highly\u2014abstract (as did the high degree of speculation of Deligny\u2019s research), then returns to a simpler, more legible tracing. Still, the same principles inspired the maps\u2019 authors: becoming freed of themselves through writing, and recording the traces of l\u2019humain de nature(the human by nature) that Deligny saw as persisting wherever language was withdrawn.<\/p>\n
Superimposing tracing paper caused a centripetal territory to appear inside which the children circulated in every direction, drawn by presences, gestures, objects, or nodes of life. The outline of the journeys and lignes d\u2019erre suggest that there were particular locations to which children kept returning to post themselves or lieux chev\u00eatres (intersections), places where the presence of an adult was conjoined to a task in the process of being performed. Objects were interspersed throughout the territory: objects pour rien (for nothing) that the children transported through the space and put into motion; daily objects distanced from their usual functions; and objects that served purely as markers, in the same way as people. The aire de s\u00e9jour thus resembles something like an appareil \u00e0 rep\u00e9rer (a spotting apparatus), a coherent, rhythmic space. The principle of the \u201cobject notebook\u201d makes it possible to leaf through the pages or \u201cshuffle the cards \u201d (in Deligny\u2019s words) while also reading the corresponding description higher on the page. These minutely detailed descriptions, based on interviews with the maps\u2019 authors, have an explicit, even polemical purpose: They are intended to show concretely what the lignes d\u2019erre were, to emphasize a practice founded on a speculative approach to language and to the human, of course, but also establish this practice in the context of a highly specific material organization. This was a means of dissuading the instantly theorized approaches that began to flourish, in particular in the wake of Gilles Deleuze\u2019s and F\u00e9lix Guattari\u2019s notion of the rhizome.<\/p>\n
The rediscovery of these maps raises the question of autism but even more importantly that of institutional invention within a common space (see Bertrand Ogilvie\u2019s essay on this subject), of a terrain for exchange (and even of play) that lies outside of the social rules and categories of the normal and the pathological. The radical strangeness of these particular children, who \u201cinhabit the world without inhabiting it […], do not come to terms with our world,\u201d has given rise to these maps whose status is indefinable and which ensured over a period of ten years the bond between territories entirely made of gestures and mute circulations, and Deligny\u2019s speculations, between a world outside of language and his attempt to elucidate it through the unending work of writing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Auteurs\/Authors:<\/strong> ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Gis\u00e8le Durand et Jacques Lin Reli\u00e9\/Hardcover:<\/strong> 416 pages
\nEditeur\/Publisher:<\/strong> \u00c9ditions L\u2019Arachn\u00e9en (2013)<\/p>\n
\nLangue\/Language<\/strong>: Fran\u00e7ais\/Anglais, French\/English
\nISBN13<\/strong>: 978-2-9541059-0-1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":5059,"template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[218,135,210,162,290,296,243],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5060","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-movement-analysis-notation-en","7":"product_cat-english-en","8":"product_cat-archivesdocumentation-en","9":"product_cat-french-en","10":"product_cat-disability-studies","11":"product_cat-nice-big-books","12":"product_cat-scores-en","14":"first","15":"instock","16":"taxable","17":"shipping-taxable","18":"purchasable","19":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"\n